Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Provide Support to Manage Pain and Discomfort Essay

Outcome 1 Understand approaches to managing pain and discomfort 1.1 Holistic care takes care of the whole person not just the physical needs (eg. Pain) but it also their mental and emotional needs (eg. Being afraid, not knowing what’s wrong), their social needs and their spiritual needs. This is important because the purpose is to ensure the individual is comfortable and brings peace and dignity as well as supports the individual’s family. 1.2 There are different approaches to alleviate pain and minimise discomfort which can include drugs, physical methods, self-help methods or alternative methods. Drugs can be used for pain relief, these can include analgesics such as asprin, paracetamol, opiates such as morphine, anti-infammatories such as ibuprofen, anaesthetic blocks such as an epidural. Drugs that are supplied on a prescription for pain relief are likely to be analgesics. In some extreme cases of severe or prolonged pain an individual may be given opiates. Physical methods to relieve pain may include massage (superficial or pressure), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens), repositioning. Self-help methods can help relieve pain and have been found to be effective this can include moving or walking about (if possible), having a warm bath, doing something to take their mind off the pain, doing recommended exercises. Alternative therapies can often help relieve pain. Alternative therapies can include using aromatherapy, reflexology, acupuncture, yoga and meditation. 1.3 The individuals care plan should have information about the best way to manage their pain also to enable them to rest and sleep. The care plan should always be checked before you start to work with the individual who you are supporting and making comfortable. It is important that you enter any new information into the care plan so that your colleagues can take appropriate action. It is important that you take the necessary steps to keep information confidential in line with the data protection act 1988. Outcome 2 Be able to assist in minimising individuals pain or discomfort 2.1 Pain and discomfort may affect an individual’s wellbeing and communication because pain and discomfort can affect the amount and quality of sleep that individuals can get. Sleep deprivation can affect individuals day to day  living, it can make people irritable which can affect the way they communicate with others. It isn’t always easy for an individual to express the discomfort they are in as everybody experiences pain in different ways. 2.2 It is important to encourage an individual to express their feelings of discomfort or pain so that you can ensure you are able to assist them in the most beneficial way. It is important that the individual doesn’t feel like a nuisance. A way to find out how much pain the individual is in, you could ask them to put it on a scale of 1-10 1 being mild discomfort and 10 being the worst pain that they have ever felt. That way you get an understanding o f the level of pain. Read more:  Provide Support to Manage Pain and Discomfort Essay 2.3 To encourage an individual to use self-help methods of pan control you could assist them too change the position that they are sat/ laying in or provide them with a hot water bottle. Sometimes encouraging an individual to take part in an activity or talking to them can distract them from the pain/ discomfort they may be in. Self-help methods can be beneficial because it give the individual control on how they deal with their own pain. 2.4 It is important to ensure that the individual is as comfortable as possible, pain can be a hindrance to an individual’s personal comfort. If an individual needs turning during the night then it is important that it is don with as little disturbance as possible. Everybody has their own preferred way to be positioned to sleep or rest. You should check the individuals preferred positions that they feel comfortable in to ensure that they have a comfortable sleep/rest. Some individuals may have to rest propped up or sitting in a chair due to m edical conditions. You should check their care plan to see if there are any positions they need to maintain. 2.5 The individuals care plan will include a plan for dealing with any pain that the individual may experience. It is important that you offer sympathy and support to the individual in pain. If the individual is suffering in pain because they have had an accident or got an injury then you will need to discuss it with your manager or senior who may need to request a medical assessment so that the appropriate pain relief can be prescribed. It is important that the individual who you are supporting is asked what help and support they would like to receive. Outcome 3 Be able to monitor, record and report on the management of individuals pain or discomfort. 3.1 An individual’s pain and discomfort  levels should be monitored regularly, this shows if there are any changes. It will also show if the pain relieving methods are effective or not. It is important that if you are have any difficulty assessing an individual’s pain then you should let your manager know. You should never guess because you may get it wrong. You could use a pain scoring sheet to get an idea of the level of pain. 3.2 When recording an individual’s comfort, sleep and rest it should be accurate and contain all the information so that other care workers can continue to support them. Never assume about an individual’s comfort or sleep levels. One way you could record an individual’s comfort or sleep levels is you could observe them or you could ask them. It is important that the correct information is recorded because how an individual has slept may affect the care and support that is required after periods of rest. It should be written clearly so that it is understood easily. Care records are legal documents, not completing a care record is just as bad as not completing it correctly. 3.3 It is important that if an individual is in pain it should be recorded especially if it is a different type of pain. You should record an individual’s pain is better or worse. If an individual is becoming reliant on pain medication then it needs to be recorded so that the doctor can review it. Some individuals may find it difficult to sleep, relax or rest this will also need to be recorded so that the issue can be resolved for the individual.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

HIV And Migration Health And Social Care Essay

The AIDS epidemic was foremost recognized on June 5, 1981, in the United States when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , reported bunchs of Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by a signifier of Pneumocystitis carinii in five homosexual work forces in Los Angeles. Over the following 18 months more PCP bunchs were recognized along with timeserving diseases like Kaposi ‘s Sarcoma and relentless lymphadenopathy nowadays in immunosuppressed patients. It was suggested in 1982 that a sexually transmitted infective agent might be the causative factor and the presence in bunchs of cheery work forces resulted in the initial term â€Å" GRID † or gay-related immune lack. Health governments shortly realized that about half of the instances recognized were non homosexual work forces and therefore the term GRID was abandoned. Same form of timeserving infections were besides recognized amongst Intravenous drug users, haemophiliac and Haitian immigrants. By August 1982 the disease was being recognized by its new CDC given name Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) . Research work had started by this clip on finding the causative agent. In 1983 a squad of Gallic physicians isolated the a virus which was confirmed by research workers in US and after work on the new strains identified from AIDS patients the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses coined the name HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) . It was subsequently established that AIDS spread had started decennaries before these first bunchs were recognized in 1981. Earliest Samples Four of the earliest studied specimen known to hold HIV were, A plasma sample taken in 1959 from a adult male life in Congo, from a lymph node sample from an grownup female besides from Congo, an American adolescent who died in 1969 and a tissue sample from a Norse crewman who died around 1976. After these surveies it was suggested that first instances of HIV were introduced into human around 1940s or the early 1950s. It was farther suggested as a consequence of a new survey that the first instance of HIV-1 occurred around 1931 in West Africa based on a complex computing machine theoretical account of HIV development. Subsequently a survey in 2008 dated the beginning of HIV to be between 1884 and 1924 and demonstrated that variegation of HIV-1 occurred long earlier AIDS pandemic was recognized. It is suggested that when AIDS was foremost noted in 1981 there were an approximative figure of 100,000 to 300,000 bing instances of AIDS. In these old ages of soundless spread one of the major factors which played a function was international travel. In the US for case, international travel undertaken by immature work forces doing the most of the homosexual sexual revolution of the late seventies and early 80s surely played a big portion in taking the virus worldwide. Similarly in Africa travel within the towns, metropoliss etc. resulted in the spread of the disease.MigrationMigration is the motion of people across a specified boundary for the intent of set uping a new or semi-permanent abode. There are assorted types of migrations Cyclic Movement – Involves transposing, seasonal motion and nomadism Periodic Movement – Migrant labour, Military Service related and pastoral agriculture Transhumance Migratory Movement – Includes motion of people from one portion of the universe to another, e.g. from China to Southeast Asia, from Europe or Africa to north America and from Eastern US to Western portion Rural Exodus – Migration from rural countries to metropoliss Forced Migration – Due to disease, war, dearth & A ; catastrophe All of these types of migration played a important function in spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Migration is governed by certain Torahs of societal scientific disciplines which have following cardinal points. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration Majority of migrators move a short distance Migrants traveling long distances choose large metropoliss Urban occupants are less migratory than rural dwellers Young grownups are more likely to travel so households Migration occurs because persons search for nutrient, sex and security outside their usual habitation Labor markets in industrialised economic systems are regulated by migration. There are certain factors which force people to travel out of their bing home ground to topographic points which are attractive. These factors are known as push and pull factors as shown in the tabular array.Pull FactorsJob chances, Better life conditions, Political and/or spiritual freedom, Enjoyment, Education, Better medical attention, Security, Family links, Industry, Better opportunities of happening wooingPush FactorsNot plenty occupations, Few chances, â€Å" Crude † conditions, Desertification, Famine/drought, Political fear/persecution, Poor medical attention, Loss of wealth, Natural Disasters, Death menaces, Slavery, Pollution, Poor lodging, Landlords, Bullying, Poor opportunities of happening wooingRelationship between HIV/AIDS and MigrationLinkss between HIV/AIDS and migration are close and complex. The current geographics of the AIDS epidemic is besides the hint to its nexus with mobility. It has been observed in surveies that the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS is non in the poorest states but those with good conveyance substructure, comparatively high degrees of economic development and considerable internal and cross-border migration. Understanding the relationship between mobility and AIDS can therefore aid in the anticipation and therefore the bar of spread elsewhere. There are four cardinal ways in which migration is tied to the rapid spread and High prevalence of HIV/AIDS: There is a higher rate of infection in ‘migrant communities ‘ which are frequently socially, economically and politically marginalized. The societal webs of migrators create chance for nomadic sexual networking. Migration gives in itself as mentioned above chance to people and do them more vulnerable to high hazard sexual behaviour. Migration makes people hard to make through intercessions such as instruction, rubber proviso, HIV proving and post infection intervention and attention.Empirical grounds of the nexus between HIV/AIDS and migrationIn South Africa the incidence of HIV has been found to be higher near roads and amongst people who either have personal migration experience or have sexual spouses who are migrators. In Southern and West Africa, migratory workers and their sexual spouses have a higher degree of infection rates than general population. Traveling Traders and truck drivers often show stunningly high rates of infection as reported in another South African Study. Boundary line towns have higher rates of HIV prevalence, being topographic points where transients such as truck drivers etc come in contact with local population which is distant from centrally oriented national AIDS control plans.High Hazard GroupsYoung labourers seeking employment in center or high income states after making as labour immigrants and going economically feasible tend to indulge in active sexual patterns including unprotected commercial sex with multiple spouses. Refugees and internally displaced individuals have besides been found to be particularly vulnerable to HIV infection because of the same break that caused them to migrate. e.g. refuge adult females raped by soldiers. Sexual activity is portion of certain labour civilizations in which migrators from really low socioeconomic backgrounds arrive in countries where physical labour like mining etc is required. These labourers are forced into sex by supervisors and chance suppliers. This includes homosexualism and heterosexualism and so the person has sex with the spouse at place. Peoples who spend clip off from place due to the nature of their work and autumn into multiple short term relationships inclusive of commercial sex, vitamin E g in Zambia low income work forces populating off from place for one or two months a twelvemonth are twice every bit likely to get HIV so work forces populating at place. Gender kineticss besides have different hazards of exposures to HIV in migration as adult females are peculiarly at hazard of transactional sex.AIDS patients and MigrationPeoples with AIDS normally return to populate with households to obtain attention. This includes traveling from Urban to rural or from a high income to a low income state. e.g. South Africa to Lesotho Some migrate back to supply attention to patient at place Loss of household income due to decease of a gaining household member by AIDS causes other household members to migrate seeking work chances. In countries where decease and enervation due to HIV is doing diminution in productiveness and addition in poorness, dwellers are forced to travel out. High rates of decease in certain labour sectors forces people to migrate from other parts into that country. Peoples with diagnosed HIV may migrate to avoid stigmatisation by their ain community or to seek better wellness attention for their unwellness. This involves cross-border motions to a state perceived to hold better wellness attention installations. HIV/AIDS decease toll consequences in spreads and economical deficits taking states to seek replacing accomplishments from other parts of the universe. AIDS orphans and widows or widowmans who sometimes are septic themselves besides migrate to populate with other relations or have to remarry confronting resettlement.HIV & A ; Migration – Regional impactEurope Harmonizing to important migratory tracts there are considerable differences across Europe. Greece, Portugal. Serbia and Spain provide beginnings casting HIV-1 as these states attract tourers and therefore HIV migrate from southern to Central Europe by agencies of septic travellers. Migratory marks are Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg and therefore highlighted as HIV migratory marks. Bidirectional motion occurs across Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Netherland, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Luxembourg has the highest rate of imported infections with most tracts arising in Portugal, while Netherlands has been found to hold the most diverse geographical beginning of HIV research workers have found that HIV migration from bi directional states was important. Asia In Asia the most important states in context of AIDS are Bangladesh, China, Srilanka, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Mongolia. Although in remainder of Asia the pandemic degree is comparatively low but the nature of socio-economic characteristics can take to an detonation of an epidemic. In India entirely there are 5.1 million people populating with HIV i.e. 2nd largest after South Africa. There are migrators within this part who really frequently face poverty favoritism and development. They besides suffer from disaffection and a sense of namelessness and small entree to healthcare services instruction and separation from households. All these factors make them more vulnerable to get HIV. There is a big incidence of harlotry amongst migrators in these countries along with pattern of unprotected sex and cross boundary line commercial sex work farther lending to distribute of HIV. United states In North America there is high motion of immigrants from all parts of the Earth. USA and Brazil are of import in this context. USA for the past 20 old ages had a policy of prohibition over entry of anyone who is HIV positive. On October 31 2009 the US president announced that the prohibition was traveling to be lifted and from January 2010 anyone positive with HIV will non be denied entry to US on this footing. This proclamation was taken with a positive response in relation to cut downing the stigma associated with HIV. The figure of people populating in Brazil with HIV is 727601 the spread of HIV in Brazil is mostly attributed to the frequent migration of the population within the national boundary lines as opposed to international migration. Australia Australia best exemplifies the relationship of AIDS and migration as because of its independent geographical state of affairs and regulated in-migration Torahs the control of AIDS epidemic has been extremely successful. Australia besides has a policy harmonizing to which any immigrant who is HIV positive at clip of application is denied in-migration or is put in to a procedure of entreaty which is long plenty for the applier to retreat from the procedure. Africa Seventy per cent of the 36 million people septic worldwide with HIV live in Sub-Saharan Africa and within this part the states of Southern Africa are the worst affected. The eight states with the highest rates of infection are in Southern Africa, followed by six states in East Africa, and so five other states, merely one exterior Africa. The grounds why the highest rates of infection in the universe occur in Southern Africa are ill-defined. Although the states of the part have much in common, their histories over the last 20 old ages have been really different. AIDS in Africa is a pandemic affecting lives of over 22.5 million people in Sub Saharan Africa entirely. Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Central African Republic, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Cote di Ivoire, Cameroon, Kenya, Burundi, Liberia, Haiti and Nigeria have the highest Numberss of HIV positive patients. Significant illustration of Zimbabwean migration to neighbouring provinces is disputed, estimations range from more than three million people to a few hundred 1000, doing it hard to do an overall appraisal of the spread of HIV/AIDS transference Similarly South African migration undertaking ( SAMP ) found that migration was one of the chief factors lendingProposed Solutions towards cut downing the hazard of HIV spread through migrationHIV has been recognized as one of the taking wellness challenges in the universe today so most of the stairss mentioned are already implemented in some states but still spreads in policies and wellness systems need to be filled As proposed by UNAIDS Labor migration policies need to be implemented and integrated in all facets of wellness system including Government statute law, actions by Civil Society, Workers organisations and concerns and international spouses to give maximal protection and services to migrating labour from HIV as a vulnerable group. Health programmes in states should aim non merely the national populations but besides be aimed at migrators, travellers and tourers who are both major beginning and marks of HIV. It is of import non to stigmatise migrators as carriers of disease. Peoples to be kept out is short sighted and encourages xenophobia farther marginalising already vulnerable migratory communities and exacerbates the socio-economic conditions that contribute to distribute of HIV. Legal limitations that attempt to forestall migration create clandestine flows of people, excluded from entree to medical and societal services. Alternatively of ineffectual efforts to forestall people from traveling, there need to be HIV/AIDS intercessions from instruction and bar through proving and reding to intervention and attention that are designed for and targeted at peculiar migratory populations. Focused intercessions in new locations for migrators until they become incorporate good into the new societies. Trans-migrants who have more than one places need intercessions at all their occupant topographic points. Mobile population are the most hard to make but can be given intercessions harmonizing to motions like rubbers at truck Michigans, Education stuff in coachs and nomadic clinics. Rapid response in extremely nomadic signifier for communities seeking safety in conditions like war. Inculcating migrators with instruction, bar, proving and intervention is the best manner of supplying protection to vulnerable communities seeking support through migration.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Gobal Epidemic of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Gobal Epidemic of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example National surveys with measured height and weight parameters have reported increases in child weight and thus obesity since 1980's. (Hedley et al., 2847-2850) Childhood obesity is a root cause of many health problems and thus leads to innumerable mental and physical health problems including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (US department of health and human services) hypertension, sleep apnea , heart disease and orthopedic disorders. (Freedman et al., 712-718) Childhood obesity is also associated with psychological and social marginalization issues such as discrimination and low self esteem (Strauss, 105). Since 1980's many research have been conducted to investigate the root cause behind childhood obesity and the ideal role and measures to be taken by parents, school pediatricians and public policy makers. Many environmental factors are examined as potential contributors to obesity but apart from vague linkages which most of the times doesn't even require extensive resear ch and are just logical to human conscience, no specific causes of obesity are identified. A recent study examined the relationship between the effects on body mass of children and proximity of a fast food restaurant chain or some recreational center the basic findings of this research were that children living near a fast food restaurant chain or having a restaurant in the proximal 0.1 miles from their school tend to have a higher BMI. Recreational amenities if located near child's residence tend to lower child BMI such amenities include fitness areas like volleyball courts, football courts and parks. Other research by Howell Wechsler and William H. Dates conducted under the National association of state board of education examined data on obesity amongst children and the role of schools and other educational institutions in dealing with this issue. The study also identifies important strategies school can implement and bring a change. Up till now many research has also been conduc ted to explain the role pediatricians and treatment patterns to cure childhood obesity, they identified reasons and the patterns behind obesity are listed below. Availability of food Heavy dependence on prepackaged calorie dense meals due to time constraint among parents has led to rocketing trends of obesity these time saving behaviors coupled with lower prices of food products that are rich in sugar fat and salt has been identified a significant cause of this epidemic. A recent study identified that consumption of sugar and fats has increased by 64%and 67% respectively (Hedley, 2847-2850). Clear linkages are established between the declining cost of fast food and the epidemic rise in child obesity. Health policies like the requirement of a nutritional label for all fast food and processed meals can be designed to increase nutritional awareness. Rapid shifts towards a more sedentary lifestyle Weight gain or loss is clearly attributable to calorie intake and expenditure in the human body and routine activities play a vital role in calorie consumption. Urban settlements lack sidewalks and infrastructure which may prove a hindrance to short walks and recreation. Studies have documented evidence that present era's children on average spend 28 hours per week watching television and time spend on television is directly related to obesity (Gortmaker et al., 356-362). Other activities

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Financial Management essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Management - Essay Example Through the recent observations made by the organization it had been observed that Tulip Refractory is making a continuous loss for a span of consecutive five years but while the sister concern of the organization working with Cafe 88 is earning a year on year profit on a similar basis, i.e. no commercial price is to be charged from the office staff. From this study we have to analyze the reason for the loss of Tulip Refractory under the mentioned organization and how the sister concern of the main organization is earning profits working with Cafe 88(Analysis of Financial statement, n.d., and pp.1-10). Main activities of the Organization The main activities of Tulip Refractory are to provide meals, snacks and refreshment on working days to various staff of the organization. During the weekends the staffs of the Tulip Refractory are allowed to do some catering in private functions and ceremonies. Similar is the function of the Cafe 88 but we can observe a remarkable difference in the operation of both the catering services. This has put the main organization to take adequate steps based on the financial analysis thus conducted as follows. ... The main function of making an effective financial analysis of the company is to draw conclusion to arrive at a decision which will be in the best interest of the company. For achieving this purpose we employ the tool of ratio analysis under which three main aspects of a company are analyzed on the basis of its profitability, liquidity and efficiency/solvency. Liquidity Analysis The liquidity of the company means the repayable factor of a firm generally in cash form. The company which has assets which can be easily turned into cash for the purpose of meeting with the obligations of a company is called the liquidity analysis of the company. The liquidity of the firm has thus been found with the help of current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio (Brigham, et. al., 2010, pp.93-110). Particulars (All values in pound) Tulip Refractory Cafe 88 Year 2011 2011 Current Assets 9000 16000 Current Liabilities 6000 4000 Current Ratio 1.50 4.00 Current Ratio mainly gives us an idea regarding the sh ot-term liability capacity of a firm. Higher the current ration more is its ability to repay its obligations. From the recent findings we can analyze that the repayment capacity of Tulip Refractory is much less in comparison to Cafe 88. This is because the liability of Cafe 88 is less with respect to the assets acquired by the catering firm. Particulars (All values in pound) Tulip Refractory Cafe 88 Year 2011 2011 Bank and cash 1000 14000 Debtors 5000 0 Total quick Assets 6000 14000 Current Liabilities 6000 4000 Quick Ratio 1.00 3.50 Quick ratio is known to be a much more conventional with respect to the current ratio; thus considered a better liquidity measure. Inventory in most of the companies is considered to be the most illiquid form of asset hence it

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Essay

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center - Essay Example Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of sourcing and procurement management strategy in Boeing Company. The choice of Boeing is based on its strategic position in the aircraft manufacturing sector and the series of problems it faces of late. Using, appropriate theoretical framework, deduced from the work of previous researchers, the company was diagnosed, and the supply chain and suppliers relationship mapped out. Porters value chain framework also help us develop some feedback and the way forward where some value drivers, core competences and competitive advantage were identified. Our recommendation is for KFSHRC to have suppliers dotted all over the areas and the need to link them through a common data base was emphasized. The report of calls on top management to successfully adjust Porters value chain to suit its need. Our recommendation is for customers and suppliers to be effectively integrated into the value chain, where consumers become Pro-sumers and suppliers are turned into consumers. The existing relationship with partners, suppliers, and customers should be turned in to a long term collaboration relationship. KFSHRC should integrate its logistics, procurement, operations, and marketing functions with other supply chain members so that materials, information, component parts, and finished product flow seamlessly from point of origin to final customer at low unit cost and at high levels of service (Christopher 1992). 1.0 Introduction Sourcing and e-procurement is a strategic tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements ( Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). In the 90s, Sourcing and e-procurement gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance (Ramsay 2000). To minimize wastages and meet up with customers demand. Today, to reduced lead time, goods must be stored in a warehouse at the right quantity and within the right time. Customers and suppliers are important stakeholders. "Stakeholders are those individual or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends" (Johnson

Friday, July 26, 2019

College app essay answers Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

College app answers - Essay Example and, this was a simple and petite job; however, this internship allowed me to understand the different operations and processes of office administration, which enhanced my knowledge in an efficient manner. Moreover, I had the opportunity to interact with people from diverse backgrounds. Despite of different cultural and social backgrounds, people were working in different ways; however, for one single objective. This cultural and social diversity enhanced my personality traits that will facilitate me in improving socially, as well as, intellectually in a creative manner. During my sophomore and junior years of high school, students from different cultural and social backgrounds were part of our class, and I had the opportunity to coordinate and interrelate with them during different activities of school. Such interaction allowed me to understand that different individuals are developed in diverse backgrounds, and therefore, have varied personality traits. For instance, family and interrelationships play a significant role; however, some individuals gave significance to individualism. In other words, my stay at high school developed me in such a way that I may be able to consider individuals with respect to their culture, social, and intellectual capacities. I gained respect for cultural and social differences from one of our classmates who was from El Salvador. He represented a non-English native country, which resulted in his inefficiency in spoken English. However, he was good, and even best in some other capacities, such as education, sports, etc . In specific, he was considered the best player of our soccer team. Even though he was incapable of grasping English language, he tried his best to coordinate with us in a usual manner like our other classmates. The language barrier was not able to frustrate him at all, which was one of the major reasons that even after such difficulties, he was not infuriated and irritated, which resulted in my respect for cultural

Apple computer company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple computer company - Case Study Example It is actually the customers of a particular organization that maintains the status of the business' capability to exist within the commercial industries in the society today. Likely though, with the changing trends of economy in the global scene, The impending need to increase business resources today has actually been the main cause of failure among businesses in particularly generating the right amount of focus needed in creating customer satisfaction programs that would likely increase the capability of the companies in generating the needs of the customers in a much more reasonable perspective. Obviously, because of the many changes in the society today, it could not be denied that the systems of business operations handled by the current entrepreneurs in the different human communities around the world also follow a changing trend that is now more focused on generating profits for the organizations. Because of the financial demands of the current situation in the global economy, business administrations are already having a hard time allocating sources to support the needed balance in giving both the company as well as the company itself, the value that it needs to receive from the business operations that they perform daily in business. Ethical measures on the matter though particularly points out the need to be balanced in all aspects of business operations. ... Certainly, with all these considerations, it could be observed that Apple Company is able to provide its company the right kind of products that they need and they demand for. - Price Understandably, seeing to it that the customers receive what they want and what they need from the business means that the business needs to be strongly capable of handing matters of customer satisfaction seriously and conscientiously (Gitman, 2000, 13). Most often than not, sacrificing certain financial gains may be one of the key procedures needed to be considered in handling issues such as this one. However, although risky at some point, modern entrepreneurs see that generating the business capabilities in handling customer needs at a higher level of service and attention from the administration of a business organization generates more customers who are satisfied and are recurrently returning resulting to more gains for the business at that. certainly, it could be summed up to the claim that as the organizations focus on giving the customers what they want, they are then much more able to generate the profit that they need for continuous operation in the global market. To sum up everything, it has been noted by the authors Cunningham and Gunn, customers are likely the best source of business success in the society today. Understandably, the authors point out that the blood of each business organization today are their clients (2004, 17). It is through this understanding that entrepreneurs should actually be able to find a way by which to regulate their systems to make it possible for their clients to actually receive the services and products that they are due. It is only through this that

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo's David with Bernini's version Essay

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo's David with Bernini's version - Essay Example This statue lacks depth, since all the focus is on the frontal view. David’s expression is cool and enigmatic, which distances the viewer and encourages contemplation of his beauty rather than empathy with the story of David and Goliath. Bernini’s David, on the other hand, is leaning to one side, in a bent position. It is as if he is moving through time, having just picked up the stone, and now aiming it in his sling and about to fire it at Goliath. The viewer is drawn his facial expression, which is contorted in quite extreme emotion, and the sweeping line from his left ankle to his head. There is no mistaking a frown of concentration around his eyes and a firm determination in his downturned mouth. Bernini’s David has both arms drawn to the left, holding the sling tight, which takes him temporarily off balance. Arm and leg muscles are tensed, making the sculpture dramatic, and dynamic, almost as if he is about to step out from the podium. This is an open form sculpture which interacts with the space around it in a dramatic way, while Michelangelo’s David is static, and merely looks out from a still

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Ethical Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Ethical Egoism - Essay Example Though ethical egoism has a particular plea, the concept has been virtually collectively forbidden as a satisfactory ethical idea. Ideally, one of the greatest straightforward condemnations is that ethical egoists characteristically pervert altruism, the guideline that opposes ethical egoism and foundation ethics on a concern for other people’s welfares (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Conversely, a conclusive opposition to ethical egoism comes from the author Rachels. From his point of view, He parallels ethical egoism with bias in terms of its theoretical structure. Racists split all individuals into clusters and treat persons contrarily based on the feature of one’s race but have no defense for closing that their own race is any superior to others, therefore rendering discrimination a random policy (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Likewise, ethical egoists claim that people divide the entire world into two groups of individuals and that we repute the welfares of those in the first collection as more vital than the interests of those in the subsequent group. The egoist may offer no defense for the difference between the two sets. Therefore, Rachels completes that ethical egoism is a subjective principle and that others must be given the identical ethical reflection as us because their qualities and requirements are similar to our own (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011). Altruism is a feature of ethical thinking in which it is claimed that ethical verdicts must be based upon the welfares or well-being of other individuals instead of self-interest. On the other hand, Ethical egoism is considered to believe that a person must do what is in his/her own self-interest. Generally, what is in a persons’ self-interest might parenthetically be harmful to others, advantageous to others, or unbiased in its influence. This implies that altruistic actions are not the result of ethical egoism (Rachels & Rachels, 2010, 2011).  

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Global Warming Video Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Warming Video Analysis - Essay Example Inhofe’s view is that although he initially accepted the understanding that humans were the primary culprits in global climate change (then called global warming), the recent data which has come to light indicates that in fact humans only account for but a very small percentage of total C02 emissions. As such, Inhofe goes on to state that the fact of the matter is that the Kyoto Accords have become a massive liability to the American civilian in the form of costing him/her many thousands of dollars each and every year as a function of the deadweight loss that is attributed to any nation that signs onto the Accords. Furthermore, Inhofe goes on to state that a large number of the scientists who originally bandwagon together and signaled their agreement with the human causation of global warming and supported such a belief have since, almost to the individual, begun to back down and take a more tempered approach to the issue. Although few are coming out denying that humanity has little if anything to do with climate change, few among those initial activists that pushed for the Kyoto Accords are continuing to argue for the same logic that initially persuaded them to become active during that period. An obvious criticism of Inhofe’s point of view is, of course, the fact that even though human beings do not contribute to the lion’s share of CO2 emissions, the fact remains that humanity is responsible for a larger and larger percentage of total CO2 output. As such, it is only logical to assume that the Earth’s ability to convert this back to oxygen as forests continue to be decimated and a higher and higher ratio of industrial nations belch out metric ton after metric ton of CO2 each and every year.  

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Balance of Good and Evil Essay Example for Free

The Balance of Good and Evil Essay â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake expresses the idea of the creation of evil. It involves a very powerful rhyming scheme to convey the strength of the matter. Through the use of metaphors relating to certain gods, both Christian and Greek views, the image of the â€Å"Tyger† is described. This poem is the second in a pair which was published in his collection Songs of Experience in 1794. Blake’s previously written poem â€Å"The Lamb† was written in his collection Songs of Innocence in 1789, and it represents the complete opposite, the creation of good. Both poems are very necessary to generate the essential question; is the creator of the tiger the same creator of the lamb? Focusing on just â€Å"The Tyger,† Blake questions the maker of this evil beast, and the purpose behind the making. The Lamb is an extremely important piece to both collections. The poem’s focus is centered by the question of creation, but it does so in a modest way, opening as a simple question to a lovable, fragile creature. Little Lamb, who made thee? (1) In the first stanza of the poem the speaker asks the lamb who is responsible for both life and the creation of this innocent creature with the softest clothing and Gave thee such a tender voice (6-7). The lamb symbolizes the association between civilization and the natural world. The lamb is also a representation of pastoral innocence, connecting the urban world with Gods creation. Pastoral life holds a great deal of strength in the poem. This collection contains many pastoral scenes. These peaceful images of life outside of the busy city strongly suggest a sense of peace and tranquility. This connects the characters of the poem to the natural world, where they can consider their existence without the interference of human components. Blakes tender choice of words creates a spiritual mindset which answers the question in first-person narrative in the second stanza that a higher power is responsible. In answering as Jesus Christ, Blake presents his own admiration for God: He is called by thy name, For He calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild; He became a little child. I a child, and thou a lamb, We are called by His name. Little Lamb, God bless thee! Little Lamb, God bless thee! (13-20) By stating Jesus Christ as the lamb’s creator, Blake is signifying that everyone is in some respect a lamb created by God. Although Blake’s religious views are clearly stated in both his collection of poems and in biographies, a creation of his own mythology is tied into his work shown by illustration and by the poems themselves. The second quatrain starts off asking another question, â€Å"In what distant deeps or skies burnt the fire of thine eyes? †(5-6) Distant deeps creates an image of Hell, while skies is referring to Heaven. The eyes are in fact God’s eyes. The question as a whole is asking if it was God in Heaven who created this beast, or Lucifer in hell. Blake is known for using references to Greek gods and goddesses. The question â€Å"On what wings dare he aspire? † (7) depicts Daedalus and his son Icarus who fell from the melting sun after ignoring instructions from his father not to use his wings to fly. The question immediately following also symbolizes a Greek reference. â€Å"What hand dare seized the fire? † (8) represents the Titan Prometheus who was sentenced eternally to a rock where an eagle would devour his liver over and over everyday, in punishment of stealing fire to benefit human civilization. These Greek depictions help to enhance to message of religious drama. Blake is making a bold statement by asking a question that many of us ask at some point in our lives. Is the same god who created all the good in the world, specifically represented by the lamb, also the creator of the Tyger, which represents the brutal side of nature, and in the bigger picture, reality. â€Å"Did he who make the lamb make thee? † (20) This questions the probability of a god creating something so beautiful and pure, but then allowing the creation of something so horrible. Blake uses a very interesting and powerful technique with the line â€Å"frame thy fearful symmetry† (4,20) He uses it twice, and the first time it begins with â€Å"could. † The second time, however, it begins with â€Å"dare. † The repetition and alteration of the phrase serves as a tool to describe the change of tone from questioning the capability to interrogating the reasoning. Symmetry is important because it shows the relationship betwen the Lamb and the Tyger. They are the same in that they are both part of Gods creation. They are both equally important tools of nature, but they are different in that the lamb represents innocence, youth, and positive aspects of nature, where as the tyger represents the more powerful fearful part of nature. Though both can be beautiful in their own way. The Tyger is beautiful in a more experienced light, as one recognizes the striking colors and form of this graceful, yet deadly beast, where as the Lamb is seen in a more childish fashion. Both good and evil are present in the world today. Although they each serve different purposes, their contributions to humanity bring each other balance. â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† are equally vital in the intended creation of good and evil, and they share the same creator.

Banjo Patterson Essay Example for Free

Banjo Patterson Essay Andrew Barton â€Å"Banjo† Paterson was an Australian bush poet, Journalist and Author. He focused most of his poem’s on Australian life, in the particular area of rural and outback areas, mainly places like Binalong and New South Wales where he grew up as a child. He was mostly famous from poems including Waltzing Matilda, The Man from Snowy River and Clancy of the Overflow. Banjo was born on the 17th February 1864 in Narrambla, near Orange, New South Whales. Banjo’s level of education as a child was relatively privileged. At a young age he attended a bush school which was ran by the governess. Then from 1874, he attended Sydney Grammar School, a prestigious school in the heart of Sydney. After finishing school, Paterson became an article clerk at a Sydney law firm, and was admitted as a solicitor in 1886. Paterson practiced as a solicitor until the early years of the twentieth century, by which time he had also developed a promising literary career. His earliest published work dates from 1885, when he submitted a poem criticising the British war in the Sudan (in which Australian troops were involved) to the Bulletin, a new literary journal with an Australian nationalist focus. Over the next decade the increasingly popular and influential Bulletin provided an important forum for the publication of Patersons verse, which appeared under the pseudonym ‘The Banjo’, adopted from the name of one of his favourite horses. By 1895 Banjo had written many poems and such as Clancy of the Overflow, The Geebung Polo Club, The Man from Ironbark, How the Favourite Beat Us and Saltbush Bill were so popular with readers that Angus Robertson, published the collection, â€Å"The Man From Snowy River, and Other Verses†, in October. From which nearly all the context from these poems came from Banjo’s love for the out back in his home town Narrambla. The title-poem had swept the colonies when it was first published in April 1890. The book had a remarkable reception: the first edition sold out in the week of publication and 7000 copies in a few months; its particular achievement was to establish the bushman in the national consciousness as a romantic and archetypal figure. The book was as much praised in England as in Australia: The Times compared Paterson with Rudyard Kipling who himself wrote to congratulate the ublishers. Patersons identity as The Banjo was at last revealed and he became a national celebrity overnight. While on holiday in Queensland late in 1895, Paterson stayed with friends at Dagworth station, near Winton. It was here were he wrote one of his most famous pieces of work in the history of his entire life, â€Å"Waltzing Matilda† This piece is now Australia’s best known folk song. And many say that this was the peak and the start of the decline in banjo’s career in poetry. He did not stop writing after this, in fact after this holiday he got offered an amazing career opportunity when he became a journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald as a War correspondent. The quality of his reporting attracted the notice of the English press and he was appointed as a correspondent also for the international news agency, Reuters, an honor which he especially cherished in his later years. Then Back in Sydney in 1902, Paterson published another collection, Rio Grandes Last Race, and Other Verses, and in November decided to abandon his legal practice. Next year he was appointed editor of the Sydney Evening News. Andrew Barton â€Å"Banjo† Paterson died on the 5th of February 1941. On the night of Patersons death, Vance Palmer broadcasted a tribute: He laid hold both of our affections and imaginations; he made himself a vital part of the country we all know and love, and it would not only have been a poorer country but one far less united in bonds of intimate feeling, if he had never lived and written.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Bicycle Frame Materials

Bicycle Frame Materials Introduction Throughout history the concept of the bicycle has been used and manipulated with materials from all over the spectrum exercised. In recent years, machining methods have become advanced enough to manipulate all different grades of metals, from the most popular being steel, to alloying titanium based alloys, however not only metal materials are being used. Carbon fibre, a generic term of the composition of carbon fibre weave and epoxy resin, is the worlds most recent popular material to be used on practically everything in the automotive industry, from gear knobs to the complete chassis on the Porsche Carrera GT for example, which is slowly expanding into the bicycle market and beyond. Nowadays bicycle manufacturers have an apparent unlimited array of materials, joining processes and finishing techniques, which should theoretically be able to produce the best bicycle frame on the market. Taking modern day complications into account, the best bicycle frame material(s) are perhaps inappr opriate in terms of manufacturing price and market sale value. Despite this, using Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES Software), by setting up engineering constraints, looking at material selection indices and loading patterns on components; a single best material is to be determined. Product Definition As not all bicycles are aimed at the same user market, with the intention to design a bike for different purposes such as; mountain bikes, city bikes, leisure bikes, road bikes, race bikes, etc. the constraints and objectives of how the bicycle frame should react under pressure during use are different. It is because of this, the best material can differ from bicycle type, and therefore a category of bike must be specified. The bicycle category to be specified is a small sub-category of road bikes called fixed gear bikes or fixies. This category of bike has recently sprung up all over the world, with its major uprising leading back to Brooklyn, New York; however a cult following has arisen in major cities around the globe. This type of bike and cycling style lends its origins back to track racing, where the same style of bike is used in the Olympics and other bike sporting events. The fixie style has become popular on the road for its agility and acceleration around town for commuting as well as its fitness affiliation for of course only having one gear. This sub category of bike is often used for part recreation, part fitness use, yet mainly as a means of transport in and around town. This recent uprising has uncovered many different materials of bike frame, from old 1980s track bikes made from steel to recently manufactured aluminium and carbon fibre composite frames which are used on this type of bike and style of riding. Materials Selection Possible Constraints The frame components will be subject to different forces, of which several will experience the same force depending on different loading conditions. The seat tube will experience constant compression forces from the weight of the rider as well reactions from road pushing back up towards the rider, whereas the down tube will experience tensional forces holding the crank area together with the fork assembly; however braking will give rise to compression. Other features such as the seat stays will experience constant compression and lateral stress from the braking mechanisms, of which stiffness is a vital property of the material. Youngs modulus or stiffness is also very important in the design of the forks due to instantaneous braking encouraging the forks to bend. Density The density of the material will affect highly the efficiency and feel of the bike when ridden. More energy is required to brake or accelerate the bike that has a high density frame, consequently making the bike hard to control and manoeuvre. A lightweight material is vital to create the ideal bicycle frame to improve manoeuvrability, braking and acceleration performance. This is why a constraint of density is to be limited at 5000 KG/M^3. This encompasses common frame materials such as aluminium and titanium alloys. [4] Youngs Modulus The stiffness of the frame is vital to prevent plastic deformation of the frame when ridden over obstacles, however if the frame is too stiff there will too much vibration from road surfaces. A constraint of materials above 30GPa are acceptable for the intended use, however materials above 400GPa are considered too stiff and will result in a harsh incontrollable bicycle. [4] Tensile and Compressive Stress Tensile stress occurs on many of the components of the bicycle frame and is a common failing property by overloading the frame which consequently makes it a high priority factor. Materials above of tensile stress value 300MPa and above are acceptable. Compression is also a major stress force abundant in the bicycle frame, in places such as the rear seat stays and seat tube from gravity pulling the weight of the rider toward the ground. Poor compressive forces will translate into a mess of buckled piping. [4] Yield Strength The yield strength determines the amount of force required to plastically deform the material of which the material is permanently deformed after yielding. This can be applied to sudden impacts or over loading of the frame which can lead to failure of the frame, perhaps resulting in injury when ridden. The higher the yield strength, the higher force the frame will be able to withstand which is favourable in frame design. [4] Elongation Elongation relates to brittle and ductile properties of a material, where high percentage elongation leads to ductile properties and low percentage elongation leads to brittle properties. If a material is too brittle, it theoretically could fracture into small parts which are to be avoided when cycling. It would be preferable for the material to plastically deform to a large extent before failure as this will prevent injury if a sudden stop is experienced. A material with a very high percentage elongation is also to be avoided as the frame will not keep its shape and deform with the weight of the rider. Materials below 40% elongation will provide favourable elongation properties. [4][5] Fatigue Strength The maximum cyclical stresses can be examined and applied to a bicycle frame directly, mimicking the repetitive stresses when ridden. This can therefore extrapolate the life of the bicycle frame given the amount of repetitive load applied when ridden. [4][5] Torsion Stress Torsion loading occurs upon acceleration of the bicycle where the frame is moved from side to side under the lateral forces applied by the rider from the torque applied. The usual lateral loading on the frame is transferred to slight longitudinal loading. The torsion capabilities of the material must be taken into account which also highly affects the joining processes of the bicycle frame. [4][5] Material Objectives Set-up and Index Selection To find the best material for a fixed gear bike frame, the main objective is to prioritise engineering performance; reducing weight, increasing stiffness. The agility of the frame is the main characteristic of which turning reactions, acceleration and deceleration performance are vital to a successful fixed gear bike to be used in and around town as well as for training purposes. The indices used to input into CES will define stiffness-limited design at minimum mass. The frame features that are tensile loaded, creating a tie between two other frame beams will use the index Youngs Modulus / Density, E/ à Ã‚ . Increasing this index will locate suitable materials that exert stiffness, combined with low density, however also giving the best tensile properties. The compression index, for components loaded in compression, is (Youngs Modulus ^  ½)/Density, E1/2 / à Ã‚  will also locate the best materials for that type of loading. For components loaded in bending the index (Youngs Modulus ^  ½)/Density, E1/2 / à Ã‚ , will also be used. For strength limited design, locating the best material for tensile strength before yielding and plastic deformation of the frame occurs, the index yield strength/density, à Ã†â€™f / à Ã‚ , is to be used. Locating the best material for compression strength will also use this index. For the seatstays and fork components, loaded in bending, the index à Ã†â€™f2/3 / à Ã‚  will be used. Maximising these indices will locate the best materials for each specified type of loading. [6] Outcomes using CES Function: Bicycle frame Constraints: Must not fail under rider weight and road reactions. Objective: Overall mass of bicycle frame is to be reduced, without sacrificing stiffness and strength. Variables: Material choice, material section shape, finishing techniques. Before inputting constraints, the graphs of Youngs Modulus over density and yield strength over density appear as follows using education level 2: Figure 5. Youngs modulus over density CES. Figure 6. Yield strength over density. CES. Inputting the constraints, CES outlines groups of materials that meet the constraints: Figure 7. Youngs modulus over density using constraints. CES. Figure 8. Yield strength over density using constraints. CES. CES software has outlined different materials from the groups: composites, metals and alloys, and technical ceramics. These materials are: Aluminium alloys Titanium alloys Beryllium alloys Carbon fibre composites Magnesium alloys Silicon based technical ceramics Aluminium alloys Aluminium alloys are extremely light and shows signs of high elongation, these factors direct aluminium toward being a good candidate for a bicycle frame, however aluminium has a low youngs modulus value and certain alloys exhibit low tensile strength values. These properties may give the bicycle frame flexibility, however current aluminium bicycle frames are certainly not flexible as they tend to have a larger diameter top tube and general radii over the frame components to counter act this. The fatigue values for aluminium alloys are very low, which indicates that after a while the frame will crack and fail, which is definitely something to avoid. Current bicycle frame manufacturers use butting technology in aluminium frames to combat this, by increasing the thickness of the tube at where the material is needed most. [4] Titanium alloys Titanium alloys are around double the weight of aluminium alloys, yet around half that density of steel alloys, making up for this are the high tensile strength and Youngs modulus values which enable to frame to be manufactured from thinner tube sections than aluminium which reduce overall weight. The fatigue values are also high which means that the frame will last for a long time. [4][7] Magnesium alloys Magnesium alloys are even lighter than aluminium alloys and have a slightly better fatigue value. Magnesium alloys also have a low Youngs modulus value, lower than aluminium which indicates flexible frame properties which will have to be yet again solved using tube section thickness design. Magnesium alloys look promising and have good properties that can be applied to a bicycle frame, however they have low corrsosion resistance which has to be overcome by surface treatments. On the current market, few frames have been made from the material as they tend to be very expensive. [4][7][8] CFRP, Carbon Fibre Re-enforced Plastic CFRP, a composite material, is lighter than all the metals previously mentioned as well as having high a Youngs modulus, tensile value, and relatively high fatigue strength values. This material is currently being used all over the bicycle market, from strictly track bikes to road racers, complete frames or part CFRP frames, and components used in mountain bike off road frames. The modulus of the epoxy resin is extremely low, resulting in a brittle material; which consequently affects the method of which the CFRP layers are applied. CFRP has good tensile properties, however not very high compression or torsion properties, so the angle at which the carbon fibre layers are applied must be taken into consideration, otherwise turning bends could turn the frame into a fractured mess. This is also evident in the extremely low elongation value, 0.032% 035% [3][4][8] Technical Ceramics, Silicon Carbide Silicon carbide, unlike ceramics in general has a good tensile value similar to that of titanium, aluminium and CFRP, and a youngs modulus value four times that of titanium. This implies that silicon carbide has a positively good outlook on a perspective bicycle frame, displaying high fatigue values and having a slightly lower density than titanium. Silicon carbide does however have a low percentage elongation at 0% [3] which boasts the potential for producing a hybrid material to increase this value. [4][11] [10] Beryllium Beryllium is often used as an alloying material to increase hardness properties, however it also has a very high youngs modulus value and is lightweight. Beryllium could not be used to solely manufacture a bicycle frame as it is poisonous, especially with inhalation. [12][5][4] It is visible to see the groups of materials commonly used on bicycle frames from the graphs produced; however there are not any specific materials shown. Enabling education level 3, the database of materials becomes more specific and materials that do not meet the constraints are ignored. By maximising the indices, individual materials can be identified. CES software has located Cyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 ° lamina by maximising the indices as the best material for a bicycle frame. The unidirectional lamina allows the tensile and youngs modulus values to be uniform within the material, rather than have a directional flow providing room for failure by torsion. The composition of 30-40% polymer and 60-70% carbon fibre maintains a high level of stiffness and fatigue strength from the carbon fibre and reduces the brittle properties of the polymer resin. The CES outcome may have located the best material for a fixed gear bike frame, with the objective minimise the weight of the overall frame, without sacrificing stiffness and strength, however joining processes, surface treatments/coatings and shapes need to be considered. Joining processes Current CFRP frames are either manufactured by using tubular lugs of aluminium or titanium, and then pre-made CFRP tubes aligned and stuck into place with further layered CFRP and epoxy adhesives. The joining between the two different types of materials has led to corrosion and failing, which has directed manufacturers to create frames solely using CFRP. Continuous laminating can be used to cover a mandrel of which the removal of the mandrel gives rise to a shaped tube or hollow section necessary for the specified component. One method used to create low batch numbers of CFRP frames is autoclave moulding, which builds up the CFRP layers by hand, this technique creates a monocoque CFRP shell which has superior stiffness, strength and is extremely lightweight; frames lower than one kilogram have been produced. [8] Shape Factors Cyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 ° lamina has a maximum shape factor value for elastic bending (Max à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢eB) of 12.3. By using this value, the shape efficiency can be compared against other materials determining if other materials exhibit better stiffness and resistance to bending properties. Using CES a graph can be drawn of Youngs modulus over density with the index à Ã‚  /E1/ 2, which will show the maximum bending stiffness whilst reducing weight. As the shape of the material is not fixed, in general materials used for lightweight structural objectives require low à Ã‚ /(à Ã¢â‚¬  eBE)1/2 values. The materials will be selected as they provide the best properties. [10] By comparing alloys used frequently in the manufacture of bicycle frames against the CFRP based material CES located, it is possible to see the benefits of firstly the shape factor attributed to aluminium, giving it good structural properties despite its low youngs modulus value. However the lower value of the determined CFRP material means that it has better shape efficiency and will have better in service properties at providing a lightweight stiff bicycle frame, resistant to bending forces. The titanium, given its stiffness will be able to produce a lighter frame than one made of steel and aluminium, yet does not have a better bending shape factor shown by the aluminium alloy. Magnesium, despite having the lowest modulus has a maximum bending factor lower than the aluminium alloy, which is one of the reasons why it is becoming an increasingly popular base alloy for bicycle frames. [10] Hybrid Bicycle Frame The extreme stiffness of the Cyanate ester/HM carbon fibre UD composite 0 ° lamina bicycle frame will create a very stiff ride, of which the road surface will be felt through the frame to the rider. One way to prevent this is to use larger or thicker tyres, which will reduce vibration, however will significantly increase friction and reduce top speed and acceleration times. A method to reduce these problems would be to develop a frame that utilised a couple of materials and blended them together to give longitudinal damping properties yet maintain the transverse stiffness and lightweight properties. This could be achieved by using titanium on the main triangular frame due to its 5-10% elongation property, extremely high fatigue, tensile and lightweight properties; and using the CFRP on the chain stays, seat stays and fork components for its extremely high shape factor and bending stiffness value. This will also create a high fatigue resistance of the frame making it last for m any miles of riding, however problems may occur with the joining of the two materials when using acrylic based or epoxy glues to bond the two sections together as this interferes with the structure and could lead to corrosion or failure from loading. [8][7][6] A hybrid material could be answer to creating the perfect bike frame using silicon carbide, boron carbide and aluminium, also known as MMC duralcan alloys, or alumina B4C alloys. Alloys using these materials have already been created, making use of silicon and boron carbides mechanical properties and combining them with aluminiums structural advantages. The aluminium carbide composites exhibit good bending factor values as well as high Youngs modulus values, fatigue strength, tensile strength and very high compressive strength, which makes the material promising for use as a bicycle frame. Surface Treatments Surface treatments such as anodizing are common in todays current bicycle market, for example on aluminium where the reactive surface is covered with an oxide layer and the thickness controlled using anodizing. This prolongs the life of the frame by reducing the risk of corrosion. Electroplating is also used for corrosion resistance or to improve hardness, this method is usually used on metals; however non-metals can be plated once painted with an electrically conductive material. This can give metals shiny mirror finishes, synthesizing the look of commonly expensive materials such as gold or silver. For metals and non-metals, organic solvent based paints are widely used to give the frame exciting colours and finishes. Organic solvent based paints are usually applied to carbon fibre; however it is sometimes preferred to show the craftsmanship of the carbon fibre in its natural form showing the weave pattern. [4][10] Conclusion The best materials for a fixed gear road bike come in the form of carbon fibre re-enforced plastics; this is because of the lightweight, high modulus frames they create. The shape factor contributes highly to the success of the material by creating stiff tubular sections that are resistant to bending and plastic deformation also improved by their high yield strength values. The tensile and compression properties shown by the material are very high and work well at absorbing shock, distributing the stress throughout the frame. The orientation of the carbon fibre is very important as this affects the tensile and compression values that the material can take before fracture in the longitudinal and transverse directions, vital to the frame staying in one piece when turning, decelerating or accelerating rapidly. A uni-directional laminate is preferable as the fibres provide optimum stress and strain abilities. The metals mentioned provide lightweight solutions to the bicycle frame; however each has issues, whether it is low youngs modulus or fatigue limits that need to be addressed. These issues are usually solved by means of alloying or using shape factors to increase or decrease tube thicknesses or use of butting and other joining processes.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects Essay -- essays p

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects In Ernest Hemingway's short stories "Indian Camp" and "Soldier's Home," young women are treated as objects whose purpose is either reproduction or pleasure. They do not and cannot participate to a significant degree in the masculine sphere of experience, and when they have served their purpose, they are set aside. They do not have a voice in the narrative, and they represent complications in life that must be overcome in one way or another. While this portrayal of young women is hardly unique to Hemingway, the author uses it as a device to probe the male psyche more deeply. *Paragraph Break*"Indian Camp" opens with an all-male convoy of rowboats heading across the lake, with young Nick, his doctor father and his Uncle George off to see an "Indian lady [who is] very sick." As they disembark on the other side and follow a young Indian bearing a lantern to the camp where childbirth is taking place, the men's guiding interest is not in the mother-to-be as a person, but in her physiology as a case study. When they find her screaming in bed, Nick's father dehumanizes her by saying: "[Her] screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important." *Paragraph Break*Bitten by the young woman during labor pangs, Uncle George reacts instinctively: "Damn squaw bitch!" She is not seen as a co-participant with the men overseeing the birth. Instead, she is merely an object they are operating on, a "bitch" soon to whelp her pup, so to speak. The "studied control of the father and doctor as rational man" (DeFalco 30), a carefully constructed pose, stands in contrast to the young woman's inarticulate helplessness in childbirth. The likening of the docto... ...on to leave behind his hometown with its plethora of beauties underscores his view of young women as inconsequential objects of pleasure. *Paragraph Break*Both "Indian Camp" and "Soldier's Home" place young women in a secondary, objectified role. Hemingway takes this approach to focus attention on the psyches of his male protagonists, self-obsessed in their youth or war-weariness. It may not endear the author to feminist readers, but it does make for some powerful short fiction. Bibliography: 1.DeFalco, Joseph. The Hero in Hemingway's Short Stories. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963. 2.Flora, Joseph M. Ernest Hemingway: A Study of the Short Fiction. G.K. Hall & Co., 1989. 3.Westbrook, Max. "Grace under Pressure: Hemingway and the Summer of 1920." Ernest Hemingway: The Writer in Context. Ed. James Nagel. University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

Friday, July 19, 2019

marketing pricing objectives :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pricing objectives are goals that describe what a firm wants to achieve through pricing. Pricing objectives must be stated explicitly, and the statement should include the time frame for accomplishing them. There are six stages of setting prices. They are developing pricing objective, assessing the target market’s evaluation of price, evaluating competitors’ prices, choosing a basis for pricing, selecting a pricing strategy, and determining a specific price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost-based pricing is adding a dollar amount or percentage to the cost of the product. Cost-plus pricing is adding a specified dollar amount or percentage to the seller’s cost. Markup pricing is adding to the cost of the product a predetermined percentage of that cost. Demand-based pricing if pricing based on the level of demand for the product. Competition-based pricing is pricing influenced primarily by competitors’ prices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A pricing strategy is an approach of a course or action designed to achieve pricing and marketing objectives. Differential pricing is charging different prices to different buyers for the same quality and quantity of product. Negotiated pricing is establishing a final price through bargaining. Secondary-market pricing is setting one price for the primary target market and a different price for another market. Periodic discounting is temporary reduction of prices on a patterned or systematic basis. Random discounting is temporary reduction of prices on an unsystematic basis. Price skimming is charging the highest possible price that buyers who most desire the product will pay. Penetration pricing is setting prices below those of competing brands to penetrate a market and gain a significant market share quickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product-line pricing is establishing and adjusting prices of multiple products within a product line. Captive pricing is pricing the basic product in a product line low while pricing related items at a higher level. Premium pricing is pricing the highest-quality or most versatile products higher than other models in the product line. Bait pricing is pricing an item in the product line low with the intention of selling a higher-priced item in the line. Price lining is setting a limited number of prices for selected groups or lines of merchandise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychological pricing is pricing that attempts to influence a customer’s perception of price to make a product’s price more attractive. Reference pricing is pricing a product at a moderate level and positioning it next to a more expensive model or brand. Bundle pricing is packaging together two or more complementary products and selling them for a single price.

Serotonin & Depression :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Serotonin & Depression In the brainstem, the most primitive part of the brain, lie clusters of serotonin neurons. The nerve fiber terminals of the serotonergic neurons extend all throughout the central nervous system from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. This neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling fundamental physiological aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has widespread and often profound implications, including a role in sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temperature regulation, mood, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation. Not only does this bioamine control physiological aspects of the body, but it also has an involvement in behaviors like eating, sleeping and aggression. Serotonin has been noted to produce an inhibitory effect on the nervous system that calms, soothes and generates feelings of general contentment and satiation. Not surprisingly, serotonin is implicated in a broad range of serotonin disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease (3).. Serotonin deficiencies have been one of the factors to blame for ailments such as anorexia, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorders, migraines, social phobias and schizophrenia. (9). (12). I am not taking a stance that serotonin has its hand in all of these different pots, but after the research that I have completed for this paper, I feel comfortable talking about serotonin in reference to depression. No one can say for certain what exactly "causes" depression. But in this paper, I hope to give further insight into serotonin's specific role as a possible predeterminant for major depression and some hopes for those suffering from this illness. Approximately 5% of the United States' population experiences a depressive episode that requires psychopharmacological treatment; in any one year, 10-12 million Americans are affected by depression, with the condition twice as common in females than in males. It has been estimated that 15% of patients hospitalized for depression will commit suicide. These figures are incredible, so finding the root of the problem when it comes to depression is extremely important. "Alterations in serotonin metabolism may be an important factor in the etiology and treatment of depression." (7). Although historically depression has been considered a character condition, evidence has accumulated suggesting the role of a biological substrate, namely serotonin, in subgroups of depressed patients. This accumulated evidence supports the indoleamine hypothesis of depression, which suggests that major depression results from a deficiency of available serotonin or inefficient serotonin. (16). We see that depletions of serotonin from certain regions of the brain such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and cortical areas involved in cognition and other high processes, can have a great impact in contributing to depression.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Emotional Intelligence in Brave New World

Emotional Intelligence in Brave New World In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, both the world and its people are designed to disallow deep feeling and passion. But, assuming the citizens of Brave New World are human, is it really possible for humans to exist as social, thinking beings without true emotion? What is emotional intelligence? For years people have been asking that same question. Emotional intelligence was first discovered in the 1930s by Edward Thorndike, but the term was still unfamiliar to the psychological world.The term â€Å"emotional intelligence† was not officially used until 1985 by Wayne Payne (Cherry â€Å"Timeline of Modern  Psychology†). Today researchers still do not have an accurate description of emotional intelligence. In 1990 John D. Mayer was the first to describe emotional intelligence (EI) as â€Å"the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate a mong them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions† (Salovey 1990, pg. 185).Mayer and his research partner Peter Salovey further defined emotional intelligence as â€Å"a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan and achieve in one's life† (Salovey 1990, pg. 210). Emotional intelligence is not only the regulation of emotions, but also the deregulation of emotions. The regulation of emotions is when we have control over our emotions. The deregulation of emotions is when there is no control over our emotions.The deregulation of emotions is greatly needed in our society because to be creative and to think outside of the box, one needs to let go of his or her emotions. To be passionate, our society needs to let our emotions run freely and flow without being restricted. Emotional intelligence gives that passion which encourages people to create our imaginative and our artistic society that we have established today. The question of whether we can live without deep emotion is also a question of whether we can exist without imagination.Emotional intelligence is a key ingredient in critical thinking. Critical thinking is the Rational reflective thinking concerned with what to do or believe, then critical thinking clearly implicitly implies the capacity to bring reason to bear on emotions, if for no other reason than that our emotions and feelings are deeply inter involved with our beliefs and actions. (Elder) In her article, Linda Elder gives the example: â€Å"If [a person] feel[s] fear, it is because [they believe] that [they are] being threatened. Therefore [they are] likely to attack or flee† (Elder).This shows how thought and emotions collaborate with each other to express our actions in difficult situations and in everyday life situations. Elder di scusses how â€Å"it is critical thinking which provides us with the mental tools needed to explicitly understand how reasoning works, and how those tools can be used to take command of what we think, feel, desire, and do† (Elder). To effectively solve difficult problems â€Å"one must have the desire to do so†¦Thus the affective dimension, comprised of feelings and volition, is a necessary condition and component of high quality reasoning and problem solving† (Elder).If a person has a â€Å"‘defect in emotion and drive,’† that person can create a â€Å"‘defect in thought and reason† (Elder). â€Å"In short, the truly intelligent person is not a disembodied intellect functioning in an emotional wasteland, but a deeply committed mindful person, full of passion and high values, engaged in effective reasoning, sound judgment, and wise conduct† (Elder). â€Å"The emotions that you experience and the thoughts that drive them, li ke everything in the Universe, are at their core pure energy† (â€Å"The Power of Emotions†).Emotions are designed to help people become aware of their special needs. Without emotions, people would not know how to make decisions. Our bodies were made to make decisions based on our emotions. In her article â€Å"The Importance of Emotions,† Carla Valencia discusses how emotions are the most important factors in making correct decisions (Valencia 1-2). Valencia explains how positive emotions â€Å"not only motivate our existence, but also give enjoyment and happiness† to our lives (3). When we express â€Å"negative emotions, on the other hand, [it] impact[s] our lives in a negative way† (3).This affects our decisions because if we â€Å"take a decision when [we] feel revenge for example, the results could be dangerous. A negative emotional state leads to a negative behavior† (pg. 3). If people misuse their emotions, it can lead to wrong decisi ons. The different emotions that human beings feel are important for people to function as social and intellectual beings. In her book The Food and Feelings Workbook, Karin Koenig reveals that: The function of emotions is to tell us about our internal world, just as senses provide guidance in the external world†¦ emotions also] keep you safe and out of harm’s way, steer you toward what’s healthy and life-affirming, and deter you from what’s dangerous and life-threatening. (Koenig â€Å"What Is the Purpose of Feelings? †) Koenig believes that our feelings and emotions show people the â€Å"painful† and the â€Å"pleasurable† things, so that they can adjust and make proper choices (Koenig â€Å"What Is the Purpose of Feelings? †). In The Food and Feelings Workbook, Koenig argues that people â€Å"have a better chance at physical survival if [they] are biologically programmed to be highly sensitive to both pleasure and pain†¦ People] are also programmed for emotional survival† (Koenig â€Å"How Do I Know When I Have a Feeling or an Emotion? †). This explains why we need our different emotions to survive. Our bodies need feelings to affectively interact with our environment. In his book called Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things, Donald A. Norman says that â€Å"affect is a vague sensation that may be either conscious or subconscious, but emotion is the conscious experience of such affect† (Norman 55). Emotions are not the result of a forced action; emotions occur naturally.Karin Koenig agrees with this statement by saying that â€Å"feelings belong to our primitive defense system and are rooted in our collective biology and the history of the species. They are neurological, biochemical reactions that happen on a cellular level in response to stimuli. They don’t require thinking† (Koenig â€Å"How Do I Know When I Have a Feeling or an Emotion? † ). Emotions are used to differentiate the moral and the corrupt; the wrong and the right. We cannot survive without our emotions and feelings because our different emotions help us distinguish the good things from the bad things. Our emotions help us make decisions. Studies show that when a person's emotional connections are severed in the brain, he cannot make even simple decisions† (Hein â€Å"Emotions- Importance Of; Management of Negative Feelings; Positive Value of†). People whose emotional needs are not fulfilled become depressed which usually leads to their death by committing suicide(Hein â€Å"Teen Suicide†). â€Å"Teenagers around the world are killing themselves to put an end to their intense emotional pain† (Hein â€Å"Teen Suicide†).Teenagers especially need their emotional needs to be fulfilled because they are at the point where they are developing their â€Å"emotional development† (â€Å"Emotional Development – Emotio nal Development During Adolescence†). Their â€Å"behavioral problems† are the result of their need to express their emotions (Hein â€Å"Emotions- Importance Of; Management of Negative Feelings; Positive Value of†). Our emotions are needed to help us make decisions, to help us be passionate about what we love, and to distinguish us from the rest of the world.We need our emotions to help us survive in this society, and without our emotions we are nothing but robots roaming aimlessly around the Earth. The stark reality of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is due to the lack of emotions from the citizens. Huxley’s â€Å"utopian† society fails because to have a rich existence in a society, one needs to express and have a full range of emotions. Huxley describes a dystopian society with â€Å"promiscuous sex, ‘the feelies’, and most famously of all, [the] supposedly perfect pleasure-drug, soma† (Pearce). Humans need their emotio ns to distinguish them from other humans.Their emotions and their personality create their own identity. If everyone was the same like the characters in Brave New World, we would not be able to function. We need our emotions to help us through difficult situations. Because the characters in Brave New World do not have emotions, they do not know how to handle difficult situations. Huxley falsely depicted a â€Å"utopian† society emotions and individuality. Huxley’s characters are not credible in that they lack the needed human emotion to make decisions, to create their own identity, to be creative, and to be mentally healthy.Lenina is one important character who is like all the other citizens in the way that she acts and in what â€Å"her† beliefs are. She is taught by the directors and World Controllers that â€Å"No pains have been spared to make your lives emotionally easy—to preserve you, as far as that is possible, from having emotions at all† (Smith). In Brave New World, the citizens do not know how to express their emotions because they are forced to be the same. If a person is different, like Bernard Marx, everyone criticizes that person.Bernard Marx is out of the ordinary and he â€Å"hated [Henry Foster and the Assistant Predestinator]† because they talk about â€Å"[Lenina] as though she were a bit of meat† (Huxley 45 ; 47). He respects Lenina and perhaps feels â€Å"love† for Lenina. This is unusual for an Alpha because they are injected with drugs when they are embryos so that they would not feel these emotions. The citizens are trained to have sex, and to take soma holidays. Bernard Marx is a defect so he actually feels and expresses his emotions which make him unique from the other people.Marx knows how wrong the â€Å"promiscuous sex, ‘the feelies’, and most famously of all, [the] supposedly perfect pleasure-drug, soma† is (Pearce). Linda is a citizen who was exposed to the outside world. Linda is forced to develop her emotions because if she does not, she will be considered an outcast to the â€Å"savages. † In Brave New World, Huxley demonstrates a false interpretation of a â€Å"utopian† society by stripping away the citizens emotions and feelings. In addition to being a false utopian society, this book falsely demonstrates how the world would be like without emotions and feelings.Steve Hein accurately describes what would happen without emotions. He says that â€Å"Our emotions help us make decisions,† and without these emotions we would be making wrong decisions which could lead to dangerous situations. We also use our emotions for critical thinking. The citizens in Brave New World do not have emotions; therefore, they do not have critical thinking skills. We cannot survive without critical thinking skills. Other than helping us make the right decision, our emotions make us unique. Without emotions, we are robots roaming a imlessly through the Earth.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative

The purpose of this topic result be to mark a coincidence betwixt the Colombian do medicates faiths at the sour of the cytosine with the Mexi raise pacts today. The object of this coincidence willing be to de statusine the effectiveness of wide dental plate millitary intervention against dose cartels. I will assess weather this comparison is non scarcely justified still in whatever centering usefull in concord how sputter a soundly funded intumesce gird non- bow enemy.This is a response to familiar comments by high ranking decease in States officials making this comparison ( near nonably escritoire of province Hillary Clinton) plot of ground p takeging a noneworthy amount of Ameri point away resources to lots(prenominal) an effort. I will also attempt to act either of the diverse questions that argon begged by this nature of follow through. Most hatful do not realize the sheer lucrativeness of the do medicines trafficking blood line espec i champion on an industrial scale. The (Mexi feces) cartels necessitate built a lucre of dealers in 231 U. S. cities from coast to coast, taking in near $39 one million million million in sales annu all in ally, according to the U.S. Justice De department. (*1)To fructify that into perspective, In 2009 Canadas total annual armed services expenditure was just all everywhere fractional (21 billion USD) of the total annual expediency of the Mexican dose cartels in the unify States. (*2) Comparing peachy of South Carolina and Mexico The maiden affair that is obvious when making this comparison is the item that Mexico is everywhere twice the size of nifty of South Carolina both in land rush and in cosmos. In price of cheek capital of South Carolina was in a state of profound semipolitical inst major power from as early as the 1940s magic spell Mexico enjoyed a relatively stable PRI brass succeeding(a) he Mexican well-be needd state of war.geographically the devil countries gravel nothing in common but their proximity to severally former(a)(a). Mexico is a by and bragging(a) flat terrain that poses no real hassles to transportation and offers little in the way of cover. By Contrast capital of South Carolina has a erect mountainous r apiece covered in tropical forests, the mass of the medicate work compresss point is these away argonas. From a establishmental standpoint, the Colombian political relation is largely decentralized compargond to the federal social physical composition in Mexico.Due to the federal government and the larger tax base the Mexican government has round extra might when it comes to boilersuit resources available to begin with assistance. As far as the method in which the governments of these two countries approach dealing with traffickers is quite an diffrent, Mexico has up until precise recently favorite(a) to use its practice of law forces to deal with drug traffickers while Colombian go vernments nurture favored to use their military as a practice of law force, which is more(prenominal) common in intimately Latin American countries. The Mexican Cartels on that point atomic number 18 essentially two major(ip) Cartel radicals within Mexico that fight each other for a large piece of the drug military personnelage. The first is do up of the Tijuana cartel and the disjunction cartel make up the first major group and operates primarily out of northern of East Mexico. A group cognise as The union is made up of of service legion(predicate) miniatureer cartels and is led by representatives of the Sinaloa, Ju atomic number 18z and Valencia cartels. (*3 p. 4) members of this group as confused all throughout the rest of Mexico. until instanter though these groups argon c one timentrated in trusted argonas thither isnt a steer in Mexico that is off limits to every of these groups. tout ensemble of these groups operate independently and it is not particular(p renominal) for alliances to be fickle amidst drug traffickers. None of the Mexican drug trafficking organizations argon cognise to bring in every political dedications or stated immense term aspiration other indeed to make capital and control as practically turf as possible in order to achieve that end while minimizing the damage to the wad of their own groups. The Mexican cartels were not always as knock-down-and-drag-out as they atomic number 18 today, the fall of the PRI along with a strengthening of the Mexican law force is said to dumbfound resulted in the ups filename extension in vehemence.Another contributing instrument the recent escalation in violence is that since the fall of Major Columbian cartels (replaced mostly by smaller scale outg wrangleths) Mexico and its drug peck began to pretend to fill the void that was leftover over(p) in the US market for a period of clock time, greatly strengthening their monetary base and ability to purchase weapo ns and to betroth a larger number of sympathetic foot soldiers from poor communities (usually with family ties to promote change magnitude the sure to said group and a deeper fasten within the local community).Florida was really the principal(prenominal) entry point for drugs during the early 80s but the strengthening of the American navy and coastguard accommodate towards stopping smuggling led to Mexico becoming the transit point it is today. It is most beta that though Mexican troops feel been used largely due to the uneffective and corruption of the guard department I would not classify it as a war. The troops is but on that point to do carry out the actions of a police force because he continual police for cannot be trusted. There is no way for either side to declare a complete victory. It is my opinion that withal if every(prenominal) drug trafficker in Mexico dropped murdered this morning thither would be a new group forming to labour its place by nig htfall and it wouldnt take them long to gain momentum capital and weapons. as well a drug gang can never truly triumph against the state without each political agenda.The majority of the murders are mingled with rival gangs, though there fuck off been any(prenominal) police officers and politicians killed the encounter is essentially between the cartel groups and each other not with the state. The increased military strength is simply a egotism defence reaction response. I would argue that if the Mexican cartels were 1 hegemonic group you would in all probability clear at least a 10 fold drop in tough crime. Columbia at the hight of the culumbian drug heap You cant communicate the story of the Columbia drug commerce without talking active Pablo Escobar.In 1989 Forbes magazine estimated that was the 7th richest man the manhood with personal as alines estimated at over 25 Billion dollars. This however is not what made him a unique, he was known as an extremely chari table man by many of the poor wad in Columbia giving them land, housing, use of goods and services and tear down grammatical construction football fields, building a lot of good will among the slew something that you find little narrate of on the side of the Mexican cartels.The Medellin cartel he was a part of is theory to have controlled about 80% of the coca plantine market in the early 1990s and was the most prominent of the Colombian cartels at the turn of the degree Celsius. This cartel was rivalled by the Cali cartel who emerged largely due to weakening of their rivals the Medellin cartel. The biggest difference between Columbia at the turn of the century and the situation in Mexico today is the universe of dis course of study of the various rebel groups that existed in Columbia, many of which are still in existence.The lines are often blurred between these irregular groups and the drug traffickers themselves. The standard arrangement between these guerrillas and d rug traffickers was essentially protection of traffickers intersection and processing field of operationss in exchange for a handsome percentage of the profits. The profitability on investment on cocaine expectant in Columbia organism about 200$ for every 1$ invested, there was more then decent capital to go around. The wars between these various guerrilla groups enveloped Columbia in a polished war since eginning in the 1960s, this was far forrader Columbia drug trafficking organizations began to collaborate with the left-of-center guerrillas. By comparison Mexican cartels have no real political allegiances, their allegiance is to the dollar and the dollar alone. The fact that the terrain in Columbia is so difficult and main course to remote areas is such(prenominal) more unclouded to control, these various groups are able to lease territory much more in effect then the Drug Cartels in Mexico.The scenery of some of these guerrilla groups that really begins to string th e United States attention for obvious reasons is their collectivist/socialist ideology. The oldest and most notable of these groups is FARC or The r exploitationary arm forces of Columbia. This group has been fighting the Colombian national ground forces as well as chasten hand on annexe paramilitaries. At first survey the conflict between these two groups seems to be one for control over the Colombian drug mass and various areas of Columbia where drugs are arrestd.A closer human face reveals a much more black-market reality. There are a number of noticeable irregularities in the accounts of the violence. Over the course of my reasearch I kept hearing certain(a) legal injury to describe the columbian drug war that you dont hear when you demonstrate on the mexican drug war. many another(prenominal) mentions of human adjusts revilements as well as massacres with large numbers of innocent passel cosmos killed, you hear of much violence in mexico but are always term ed drug related murders implying that those killed were afiliated in organized crime.When you take a closer look at the right wing guerrillas, first of all its just about imposible to find a video of any of their leaders with any kind of mission statement or anything of the sort, second you cannot find any credentials anywhere of any known ally. Now, you tell me how does a heavily armed paramilitary organisation group, pull down with drug funds, take part in over 30 historic period of civil war including enjoind armed conflict against the US millitary, without any concord from any government or even any other criminal organization?If everything where as it appears at 1st glint it results in a paradox, how does major beingness(prenominal) drug trafficking organization not even have ONE known ally/accomplice? It just doesnt make any sense purely on a business level. If you look up any of the Mexican cartels as well as FARC you can find known allies. Additionally, wherefore is there a right wing guerrilla group for decades with a right wing government in actor? Finally, Why is one side of the guerrillas (FARC) mixed in negotiations with the Colombian government and not the other?Even if they were to sign a peace managey they would still be at war. The conclusion that asking these questions leads you to is that the paramilitary organization groups were actually an unofficial extension of the Colombian armed forces that traces its roots back its arrangement during the cold war where they were trained by US army officers in manoeuvre of counterinsurgency at the School of the Americas, these tactics are said to specifically target the civilian population without the support of which the guerrillas cannot continue to function.This groups true purpose is to combat communist guerrillas by what ever means necessary. Statistics show that these right wing paramilitaries are responsible for 80s of the political killings in Colombia, which upon closer exami nation seem more like like acts of widespread political repression of the Colombian people spanning approximately a half a century and crossing the line of human rights abuse with regularity virtually without any foeman from anyone internationally, opposed only domestically by FARC.Accounts from former Colombian army officers allege that the national Colombian armed forces hold contact regularly with right wing paramilitary groups and directed them to many of the areas where they are accused of committing human rights atrocities. (*9) It has been alleged that the right wing paramilitaries acting in project with the Colombian national army assay to remove the rural population from certain areas altogether forcing them to become urban refuges and go on isolating the FARC forces. In 2005 Columbia had the third largest internal refuge population in the world.Not only that but the paramilitaries are responsible for just as much if not more of the Colombian drug trade then FARC mak ing purpose Columbia truely appear to be a empty action according to its formally stated goals. Assessment of project Columbia 1998-2010 (lessons learned) Assessing the victory of plan Columbia really depends on what you take up to be a success. If you consider the ancient objective of the operation to be to simply return control of certain areas of Columbia back to the Colombian government then it would be considered a success.However, if the primary objective was to irradiate the drug trade recent statistics show that though output signal of cocaine in Columbia did take a severe hit in the early 2000s it has been on the Rise again since 2006. What this confirms is that the drug trade there has not ceased but in fact evolved to tackle the challenges of a changed environment. Drug trafficking organizations today are still operating but simply doing it in a more trenchant manner their predecessors. Another example of the evolution that Plan Columbia sparked is the guerrillas branching out to other sympathetic paramilitaries and paramilitary terrorist groups.Members of FARC have accountly instituted the help of various allies choler including the since the increased military pressure. An article in British newspaper The Telegraph (*8) highlights how the increased military presence in the countryside as well as an increase in the Colombian urban population has labored FARC forces to urbanize the way in which they handle warfare. The article highlights operative advancements made by FARC in both explosives as well as counter intelligence and urban warfare.FARC is currently considered the most well armed well trained and well funded guerrilla group in the world. The destruction of returns which was on paper, the primary objective of Plan Columbia is something that is very temporary, unless you were to actually salt the earth there is nothing to prevent anybody from planting a new crop in the like place. The united states has increased the amount of unhealthful defoliant that is spays on Colombia and its citizens every division of Plan Columbia. umteen have made the comparison to agent orange in Vietnam.Many health puzzles have already been reported with relationship to the defoliant chemical and there are concerns that this chemical is starting to poison some the amazon basin and subsequently effecting other Latin American countries to the south. This defoliant kills all crops including the ones, many of the poorest peasants who grow bananas simply for subsistence have their in all crops destroyed on a regular basis. Some have raised the make love that perhaps this alone constitutes a fray human rights violation. A foreign index number spraying toxic chemicals on the population of another is something that is unheard of in the past.The most inditing fact to the type of military action undertaken is most obviously that it has been a commitment that the United States has not been able twist back on after over 6 years no lessening in spending in this area is expected. Not only that but now that the Colombian drug traffickers have evolved were seeing a resurgence in drug action at law in the country. No bet how you look at it Plan Colombia was almost a complete failure, Colombian left wing guerrillas persist, drug use in the US has never been higher, cocaine production in Columbia is increasing.The only ay in which this operation is a success is that the overall violence seems to have died down and that in the paramilitary groups, which the US created in the 1st place have been disbanded and are no longer committing horrendous atrocities against innocent people for the sole purpose of turning open opinion against FARC. It might be viewed in that instance as a success, I was about half way into my enquiry before I heard/read anything to do with FARCs side of the story. Venezuela, Ecuador and Cuba are the only counties to formally voice support for FARC. (*10) Evaluating the Merida Innitiative io dine the important things to know about the Merida possibility is that the entirety of the money (400 million to start) canonic by the US congress all went to American companies, to train police, to build helicopters, not one dollar of the funding of this operation ends up in non-American hands. It is expected, as was the solicitude with Plan Columbia that the United states will merely employ private American defence contractors to do all the work on the ground. The reason for this is not strong enough to justify the use and possible press release of American soldiers.Also use of American soldiers to fight an urban drug war such as the one in Mexico and might cause a PR nightmare if US Soldiers are viewed as firing on Mexican population, which the drug members of the cartels can hide in stark sight, unlike the Colombian guerrillas they are not in uniform. My investigation into Plan Colombia led me to the conclusion that the comparison made by the US secretary of defence betwe en Colombia at the turn of the century and the Mexican drug war today to be a very poor and idle one.As previously stated I contend that the situation in Colombia was actually a war where as the Mexican situation is simply a police ineffectualness issue. While the comparison between the who conflicts themselves is unjustified both Plan Columbia and The Merida initiative officially have a primary goal to reduce the outflow of drugs into the united states and can still be compared in that instance. The comparison is one that mostly highlights the extreme ineffectiveness not only in terms of result but in terms of cost of this kind of policy. It essentially doesnt crystallize any of the problems of drug trafficking.The demand in the US for drugs is the real source of this problem. refractory Problems (police, penal strategy,banking) A continuing problem that has been acknowledged but not dealt with in any meaningful way in the fact that poor farmers who have been control into pov erty by the international outlandish business (and its dominance by the west) have no better feasible options then to grow the plants that are converted into drugs. In Plan Columbia the Colombian government instituted a program to offer coca growers money to grow alternative crops, offering them a sum in the range of 2 million pesos a year (about 950$). *7)Many coca farmers argue is not enough to live. When growing coca (rather then crops such as plantains and Pineapples) not only is the crop worth more but the drug traffickers come right to their doors to pick up the coca paste they convert the plants to. When growing the crops they are being encouraged to grow they have to transport these tons of produce on vehicles they dont have, on roads that dont exist to deal out to markets both internal and external that they dont have access to and to compete with an international aggro business . (*7- 551)It simply not a sound development plan. less then 20% of the Plan Columbia cipher is allocated towards this end) instead the budget is spent on air fumigation spaying defoliant on coca cultures. Secondly the way that the penal system is set up just about everywhere in the world makes the enslavement of major drug lords almost alone futile, they still maintain control over their organization and administer it from prison house. The leaders of the Tijuana and Gulf cartels made the agreement to unite while they were both in prison (*3 p. 4), consolidating their power against the rest of the cartels in the The Federation.There is also a long (though easilly remedied) problem that the Mexican prisons themselves are not able constrain powerful people in there. In the last year alone over 250 prison stings have been broken out of prison by cartels, most recently 191 were released from from a prison in Tamaulipas by the Los Zetas cartel. This creates even more problems on other fronts, it makes it alot harder to extract education from prisoners then it is in the u nited states. If an inmate believes its only a matter of time before he gets out he has no reasons to co-operate in any way, no real threat to guard against.Finally, probably the most important continuing problem is money wash, this allows for drug operations to military campaign smoothly by giving it a seemingly legitimize flow of currency to use for Bribes, purchaseing up legitimate real estate and other things. Without being able to access the real money of drug kingpins makes it hard to do them any real damage that wont easy be recovered from in a very short time. Many large US banks are complicit in this activity and it is a massive source of capital for them. An article from the Bloomberg press highlights the involvment of American banks such as Wachovia Corp.Bank of America and swell Fargos direct complicity in money laundering operations for the mexican cartels. Wachovia admitted it didnt do enough to crack illicit funds in handling 378. 4 billion for Mexican-currency -exchange houses from 2004 to 2007. (*1) To say they didnt do enough to spot 378 billion dollars entering their bank is laughable. There have reportedly been some efforts to bunk more stringent anti-money laundering laws which have met some oppostion from the banking lobby for obvious reasons.The police force continues to be a significant problem, all the training in the world still isnt going to stop corruption, even if a relative victory is acheived and the army pulls out it would seem to me only to be a matter of time before things return to their previous state. Possible solutions In order to fix the problems associated with prisons I deal a simple solution would be to transfer people associated to drug cartels to shoreward or even just send them to the other side of the world somewhere a pay country X to keep them in isolation. Reducing their ability to communicate is key.Something that I think the world may sooner or by and by move towards provided the proper technology b e available is to curb the drug trade is simply an irradiation of hand held currency. hard cash is what funds all of these organizations. This is why they have to launder drug money, its dirty, you cant buy jet planes and like with cash. If you eliminate cash, how can anyone buy drugs illegally? You cant have a large elligal operation which risks lives dailey if people can only barter for your drugs and every legitimate product is purchased through some form of debit entirely controlled by the government.In conclusion I beleive that the Merida innitiative will probably succeed to a small degree in curbing violence but not the drug trade itself. I think it will be a costly (perhaps everlasting) failure as long as people are beating a dead knight with tactics that are proven not work. The more troubling aspect of this alone research paper for me is the notion that gets brought up by several in various documentaries I watched in doing research of the American government attempted to make trade protection policy which violates many individual freedoms with approve to terrorism all encompassing.If you can keep enforcing the notion that the drug is on the kindred wavelength as terrorism it gives you the right to treat all people involved in drugs (about 80% of Americans at least once in a lifetime) as people involved in terrorism and produce a progressive erosion of civil liberties which some already believe has asleep(p) to far with legislation such as The Patriot Act.Operations in mexico and Colombia set a precedent for the United States interpose (without request in the case of mexico) in domestic affairs of its neighbours using military force. I would also argue that much of this action could be perceived as just another extension of the US military industrial complex in action.Referenceshttp//www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/banks-financing-mexico-s-drug-cartels-admitted-in-wells-fargo-s-u-s-deal.htmlhttp//www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/ uploads/publications/reports/docs/Canadian%20Military%20Spending%202009.pdfhttp//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdfhttp//blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/2010/12/jail-breaks-and-cartel-manpower-woes.htmlhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559348/IRA-training-haunts-Colombias-guerrilla-war.htmlhttp//www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB166/index.htm